Fluid, Electolytes and Acid Balance
Please answer these questions and e-mail them to me. You may use your book.
1. Match the categories of dehydration with their related conditions.
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1. fluid intake less than output |
a._______restricted access to fluid |
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2. fluid output greater than intake |
b._______polturia in kidney disease |
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c._______diarrhea |
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d._______osmotic diuresis |
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e._______hypodipsia |
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f._______diabetes insipidus |
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g._______unconsciousness |
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h._______ excessive sweating |
3. In cases of fluid excess, the imbalance that does NOT cause swelling of the cells is (more than one right answer).
a. water excess
b. isotonic increase in fluid
c. water and sodium excess
d. hypotonic increase in fluid
4. Edema is too much fluid in the _______
a. Vessels
b. interstitum
c. cells
d. any of the above
5. Complete the sentence by using the terms listed below:
Causes of edema include retention of a. ___________ by the kidneys and increased b. ____________ to outflow from the veins. The kidney condition leads to increased c. ____________ pressure and the venous drainage problem causes increased d. ____________ pressure. Both lead to greater e. ____________ force of fluid out of the vessels and blood pressure that may be greater than f. ____________ pressure, which interferes with drawing g. ___________.
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Osmotic |
Potassium |
Venous |
sodium |
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Resistance |
Dilation |
Hydrostatic |
cells |
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Fluid |
Filtration |
Diuretic |
gravitational |
6. other causes of edema include (chose all that apply).
a. hyperalbuminemia
b. increased capillary permeability
c. hypoalbuminemia
d. decreased capillary permeability
e. decreased osmotic pressure
f. increased osmotic pressure
7. the hormone that is responsible for diabetes insipidus is a. ____________. This hormone normally tells the kidneys to b. _____________ urine and therefore c. __________ water.
8. Hyponatremia causes swelling of the cells because:
a. the ECF is hypotonic and causes water movement into the cells.
b. the ICF is hypotonic and causes water movement into the cells.
c. the ECF is hypertonic and causes sodium movement into the cells.
d. the ICF is hypertonic and causes sodium movement into the cells.
9. Total body stores of potassium may not be represented accurately by serum levels because:
a. potassium can move between the ICF and the ECF in response to varying conditions
b. potassium can be sequestered as a third space loss in effusions
c. potassium can move between the vascular fluid in response to varying conditions
d. potassium is conserved by the kidneys and stored in the kidney cell ICF in times of need.
10. The most common reason for hypokalemia is:
a. shifting among fluid compartments
b. increased loss
c. decreased aldosterone
d. decreased intake
11. The most common reason for hyperkalemia is:
a. diuretic phase of kidney disease
b. kidney failure
c. excessive aldosterone
d. decreased aldosterone
12. A change in potassium distribution that causes ECF hyperkalemia is:
a. acidosis
b. alkalosis
c. increased insulin
d. decreased insulin
13. The most significant result of hyperkalemia is:
a. bradycardia and cardiac arrest
b. arrhythmia and fibrillation
c. bradycardia and arrhythmia
d. fibrillation and cardiac arrest
14. Hypokalemia can result from:
a. diseases of the lever or kidney
b. malabsorption
c. decreased vitamin D
d. any of the above
e. none of the above
15. Tetany develops in hypocalcemia because:
a. There is interference in ATP production and muscles become paralyzed from lack of energy.
b. a decrease in nerve excitability leads to decreased impulses to the muscles and a limp paralysis
c. laryngeal spasms cut off oxygen supply to the muscles and they become paralyzed.
d. an increase in nerve excitability leads to increased impulses to the muscles and a rigid paralysis.
16. Hypercalcemia is most often a result of:
a. increased calcium released from the bone
b. increased GI absorption of calcium
c. increased calcium deposits into the bone
d. decreased calcium loss through the urine
17. The effects of hypercalcemia include:
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a. pathologic fractures |
e. tetany |
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b. cellular swelling |
f. mental disturbances |
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c. cardiac arrest |
g. hypovolemic shock |
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d. bradycardia |
h. cellular dehydration |
18. Match the acid-base disturbance with their definitions:
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a. metabolic acidosis |
1. _____ pH greater than normal, increased bicarbonate |
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b. metabolic alkalosis |
2. _____ pH less than normal, increased carbon dioxide |
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c. respiratory acidosis |
3. _____ pH greater than normal, decreased carbon dioxide |
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d. respiratory alkalosis |
4._____pH less than normal, decreased bicarbonate |
19. Match the organs of compensation with the characteristic response:
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a. lungs |
1._____very fast response |
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b. kidneys |
2._____long-term ability to respond |
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3._____slower response |
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4. _____less efficient in normalizing pH |
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5. _____short-term ability to respond |
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6. _____most efficient in normalizing pH |
20. The most common acid-base imbalance is:
a. metabolic acidosis
b. metabolic alkalosis
c. respiratory acidosis
d. respiratory alkalosis
21. Two common acids that can be formed in metabolic acidosis are:
a. lactic acid and carbonic acid
b. salicylates and ketones
c. fatty acids and lactic acids
d. ketones and lactic acid
22. Three mechanisms that cause metabolic alkalosis are:
a. excessive loss of ______________ions
b. fluid volume ____________
c. excessive intake of _____________
23. In respiratory acidosis the primary abnormality is :
a. base excess
b. base deficit
c. hypocapnia
d. hypercapnia
24. Choose the two mechanisms of developing respiratory acidosis:
a. diaphragm paraysis during tetany
b. impaired ventilation
c. excessive gas exchange
d. impaired gas exchange
25. In general, acidosis causes ____________ of nerve cell membrane function while alkalosis causes ________________of nerve cell membrane function. Either condition, if serve enough, can result in _______________.